Java8 - Functional programming concepts in Java

Category : Java | Sub Category : Java8 Features | By Prasad Bonam Last updated: 2023-11-13 04:30:59 Viewed : 236

Functional programming is a programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing state and mutable data. While Java is primarily an object-oriented language, Java 8 and subsequent versions introduced features that bring functional programming concepts to the language. Here are some key functional programming concepts in Java:

1. First-Class Functions:

   • In Java: Java 8 introduced lambda expressions, which allow functions to be treated as first-class citizens. This means you can pass functions as arguments to other functions, return functions from other functions, and assign functions to variables.

   javaCopy code
   // Example of passing a lambda expression as an argument
   List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie");
   names.forEach(name -> System.out.println("Hello, " + name));
   

2. Higher-Order Functions:

   • In Java: Higher-order functions take one or more functions as arguments or return a function. Java is support for lambda expressions enables the creation of higher-order functions.

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   // Example of a higher-order function
   Function<Integer, Integer> multiplyByTwo = x -> x * 2;
   Function<Integer, Integer> addOne = x -> x + 1;
   
   // Combining functions
   Function<Integer, Integer> combined = multiplyByTwo.andThen(addOne);
   int result = combined.apply(3); // Result: (3 * 2) + 1 = 7
   

3. Immutability:

   • In Java: While Java itself is not a purely functional language, it supports immutability through the use of the final keyword and the creation of immutable classes. Immutable objects cannot be modified after they are created.

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   // Example of an immutable class
   public final class ImmutablePerson {
       private final String name;
       private final int age;
   
       public ImmutablePerson(String name, int age) {
           this.name = name;
           this.age = age;
       }
   
       // Getter methods...
   }
   

4. Pure Functions:

   • In Java: A pure function is a function whose output is solely determined by its input, without observable side effects. While Java methods can have side effects, functional programming encourages writing pure functions whenever possible.

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   // Example of a pure function
   public int add(int a, int b) {
       return a + b;
   }
   

5. Referential Transparency:

   • In Java: Referential transparency means that a functions result depends only on its input, and calling the function with the same input always produces the same output. Pure functions and immutability contribute to referential transparency.

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   // Referential transparency example
   int result1 = add(2, 3); // Result: 5
   int result2 = add(2, 3); // Result: 5
   
   // Since add is a pure function, result1 and result2 are guaranteed to be the same.
   

6. Lazy Evaluation:

   • In Java: While Java is not purely lazy, it supports a form of lazy evaluation through the Stream API. Operations on streams are evaluated only when a terminal operation is invoked.

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   // Lazy evaluation with streams
   List<String> words = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", "orange");
   List<String> filteredWords = words.stream()
                                     .filter(s -> {
                                         System.out.println("Filtering: " + s);
                                         return s.length() > 5;
                                     })
                                     .limit(2)
                                     .collect(Collectors.toList());
   

These functional programming concepts in Java provide developers with tools to write more expressive, modular, and maintainable code. While Java is not a purely functional language, these features allow developers to incorporate functional programming principles into their applications.